1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

Laser ablation in liquid (LAL) was used to form titanium carbide (TiC) on titanium surfaces. A fiber laser with specific parameters (wavelength 1064 nm, power 30 W, scanning speed 500 mm/s, repetition rate 30 kHz, pulse energy 1 mJ, pulse length 100 ns, step size 50 μm, fluence 39.79 J/cm2) was employed. The process involved irradiating titanium samples immersed in organic solvents (toluene, n-hexane, n-heptane, acetone) to induce plasma formation and chemical reactions leading to TiC synthesis.

2：79 J/cm2) was employed. The process involved irradiating titanium samples immersed in organic solvents (toluene, n-hexane, n-heptane, acetone) to induce plasma formation and chemical reactions leading to TiC synthesis. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: Bulk titanium pieces (20mm×20mm×0.6mm, hexagonal structure) were used. Samples were ground with SiC paper, ultrasonically cleaned with distilled water and acetone, and dried before ablation. Different ablation times (15s to 10 min) were tested in n-heptane after initial solvent comparison.

3：6mm, hexagonal structure) were used. Samples were ground with SiC paper, ultrasonically cleaned with distilled water and acetone, and dried before ablation. Different ablation times (15s to 10 min) were tested in n-heptane after initial solvent comparison. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment includes a fiber laser (RFL-P30Q), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (JASco V-730), X-ray diffractometer (Unisantis XMD300), Raman spectrometer (Teksan Takram P50C0R10), FESEM (Hitachi S4160) with EDS, nuclear reaction analysis setup with Van de Graaff accelerator, EIS system (μAutolab Type III/FRA2). Materials include titanium samples, solvents (toluene, n-hexane, n-heptane, acetone from Merck), and Ringer's solution for corrosion tests.

4：2). Materials include titanium samples, solvents (toluene, n-hexane, n-heptane, acetone from Merck), and Ringer's solution for corrosion tests. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Samples were placed under a 5 mm liquid layer, laser ablated over a 12mm×12mm area using a galvo scanner. Post-ablation, samples were rinsed with acetone. Characterization involved XRD, Raman, EDS, NRA, FESEM, and EIS tests. EIS was performed in Ringer's solution with a three-electrode system (Ag/AgCl reference, Pt auxiliary, Ti working electrode) at frequencies from 100 kHz to 10 mHz.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

XRD patterns were analyzed for crystalline phases, Raman spectra for carbon bands, EDS for elemental composition, NRA for carbon depth profiles using SIMNRA code, FESEM for morphology, and EIS data fitted to equivalent circuits using NOVA 2.1.0 software for corrosion resistance evaluation.