1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved synthesizing CuBi2O4 (CBO) nanorods via hydrothermal method and Bi2WO6/CuBi2O4 composites via solvothermal method to create Z-scheme heterojunctions. Theoretical models for charge transfer and photocatalytic mechanisms were employed.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included pure CBO and BWO/CBO composites with different molar loadings (5%, 10%, 20%). Tetracycline (TC) was used as the target pollutant in aqueous solutions.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included FESEM (MERLIN), HRTEM (JEOL JEM-2100), XRD (Bruker D8 Advance), XPS (ESCALAB 250, Thermo Fisher Scientific), UV-vis DRS (Hitachi-U3010), PL spectrometer (Hitachi-FL4500), electrochemical analyzer (CHI 760A), Xe lamp (300 W), HPLC (Agilent 1200), ESR spectrometer (Bruker EMX-10/12). Materials included Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, NaOH, Na2WO4·2H2O, ethylene glycol, Nafion, ITO glass, sacrificial agents (t-BuOH, EDTA, BQ), DMPO.

4：2). Materials included Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, NaOH, Na2WO4·2H2O, ethylene glycol, Nafion, ITO glass, sacrificial agents (t-BuOH, EDTA, BQ), DMPO. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: CBO synthesis: Hydrothermal treatment at 180°C for 24 h, annealing at 450°C. BWO/CBO synthesis: Solvothermal treatment at 160°C for 24 h with varying precursor concentrations. Photocatalytic tests: Adsorption in dark for 30 min, irradiation with visible light (λ>400 nm), sampling at intervals, analysis by HPLC. Photoelectrochemical measurements: Three-electrode system with Ag/AgCl reference and Pt counter electrodes, Na2SO4 electrolyte, photocurrent and EIS under light/dark conditions. ROS trapping: Addition of scavengers or N2 purging during degradation.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data analyzed using pseudo-first-order kinetics for degradation rates, XPS for chemical states, UV-vis DRS for band gaps, Mott-Schottky for flat band potentials, PL for charge recombination, ESR for ROS detection.