1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved designing and synthesizing a novel fluorescent probe (Gal-AQTF) based on a previously reported sensor (AQTF) with added galactose moiety to improve water-solubility and targeting. Methods included organic synthesis, UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy for ion detection, and cell imaging techniques.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Metal ions (e.g., Zn2+, Cd2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Al3+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Ce3+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Bi3+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Cs+, Cu2+) and anions (e.g., F?, Cl?, Br?, I?, CH3COO?, HSO4?, NO2?, S2O82?, HCO3?, SCN?, CO32?, PO43?, PPi, N3?, H2PO4?) were used from commercial salts. Cell lines HepG2 and A549 were cultured for imaging.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included Bruker DRX-500 spectrometer for NMR, Bruker micrOTOF-Q mass spectrometer for HRMS, Hitachi UH-5300 spectrophotometer for UV-visible spectra, Hitachi F-7000 spectrophotometer for fluorescence spectra, Mettler Toledo FE20 pH meter, Zeiss Axiovert 200 M microscope with Hamamatsu EM-CCD camera C9100 and MS200 XY Piezo Z stage, Varioskan LUX microplate reader. Materials included various chemicals like aceto-α-D-galactose, sodium azide, dichloromethane, tin(IV) chloride, methanol, copper(I) iodide, trimethylsilylacetylene, palladium(II) acetate, triphenylphosphine, tetrahydrofuran, triethylamine, potassium fluoride, dimethylformamide, copper sulfate, L-ascorbic acid sodium salt, sodium methoxide, and cell culture reagents (DMEM, FBS, Ham's F-12).

4：2). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Synthesis of Gal-AQTF involved multiple steps: synthesis of compound 1 from aceto-α-D-galactose and NaN3 with SnCl4, compound 2 from N-(5-iodoquinolin-8-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamide with trimethylsilylacetylene and catalysts, compound 3 from compound 2 with KF, compound 4 from compounds 1 and 3 via click reaction with CuSO4 and ascorbic acid, and final deprotection with NaOMe-MeOH to get Gal-AQTF. Characterization was done using NMR, HRMS. For ion detection, fluorescence spectra were recorded in water (0.05 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) with additions of ions. Cell culture involved seeding HepG2 and A549 cells, treating with Gal-AQTF and Zn2+, and imaging with fluorescence microscope. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTS assay.

5：05 M Tris-HCl, pH 4) with additions of ions. Cell culture involved seeding HepG2 and A549 cells, treating with Gal-AQTF and Zn2+, and imaging with fluorescence microscope. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTS assay. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Fluorescence intensity changes were analyzed to determine selectivity, sensitivity, binding constants, and detection limits. Linear relationships were established for concentration ranges. Cell viability data from MTS assay were analyzed for cytotoxicity.