1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study employed a hydrothermal method to synthesize GO/ZnO nanorods/GO nanocomposites on Si (100) substrates. Characterization techniques included X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to analyze structural and optical properties.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples were synthesized using precursors from Sigma-Aldrich, including zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine for ZnO nanorods, and graphite powder for graphene oxide via the modified Hummers method. Data were collected from the synthesized nanocomposites.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included Rigaku Smart Lab system for XRD, SEM for morphology, Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 for FTIR, PerkinElmer LAMBDA 1050 UV/Vis/NIR spectrometer for UV-Vis, and Jobin Yvon Fluorolog spectrometer with CCD detector for PL. Materials included Si (100) substrates, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, hexamethylenetetramine, graphite powder, sulfuric acid, sodium nitrate, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrochloric acid.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

ZnO nanorods were synthesized by heating an equi-molar aqueous solution at 90°C for 24 hours and deposited on Si substrates. Graphene oxide was prepared using the modified Hummers method, involving mixing, heating, and washing steps. GO/ZnO nanorods/GO composites were formed by depositing GO layers, growing ZnO nanorods, and covering with another GO layer. Characterization involved drying samples and using specified instruments for analysis.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data analysis included using Scherrer equation for crystallite size from XRD, interpreting SEM images for morphology, analyzing FTIR spectra for vibrational frequencies, calculating optical band gap from UV-Vis using (αhυ)2 vs. photon energy plots, and Gaussian fitting for PL spectra to identify emission peaks and mechanisms.