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Thin-film micro-concentrator solar cells
摘要： Concentrator PV (CPV) employs optical elements to concentrate sunlight onto small solar cells, offering the possibility of replacing expensive solar cells by more economic optical elements, and higher device power conversion efficiencies. While CPV has mainly been explored for highly-efficient single crystalline and multi-junction solar cells, the combination of thin-film solar cells with the concentration approach opens up new horizons in CPV. Typical fabrication of thin-film solar cells can be modified for efficient, high-throughput, and parallel production of organized arrays of micro solar cells. Their combination with micro lens arrays promises to deliver micro-concentrator solar modules with a similar form factor as present day flat panel PV. Such thin-film micro-concentrator PV modules would use significantly less semiconductor solar cell material (reducing the use of critical raw materials) and lead to a higher energy production (by means of concentrated sunlight), with the potential to lead to a lower levelized cost of electricity. This review article gives an overview of the present state-of-the-art in the fabrication of thin-film micro solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber materials and introduces optical concentration systems that can be combined to build the future thin-film micro-concentrator PV technology.
关键词： Cu(In,Ga)Se2,concentrator photovoltaics,thin film solar cells,photovoltaics,micro-concentrator
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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1D/3D Alloying Induced Phase Transition in Light Absorbers for Highly Efficient Sb <sub/>2</sub> Se <sub/>3</sub> Solar Cells
摘要： Simple binary inorganic antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) compound is attractive as a promising light absorber for low-cost and high-efficiency photovoltaic. The external quantum efficiencies of Sb2Se3 solar cells are now approaching the optical limit values, which are comparable with the traditional well-developed solar cells (such as Si, CuInGaSe2, CdTe, etc). However, the power conversion efficiency of the Sb2Se3 devices is constrained by the open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficit, due to the intrinsic high resistivity and low element-doping efficiency in such one-dimensional (1D) crystals. In this work, a highly conductive, 3D crystal-structure AgSbSe2 phase, formed by phase transition from low symmetry binary Sb2Se3, is introduced to control the doping density in the alloyed (Sb2Se3)x(AgSbSe2)1-x films by utilizing configurational entropy. Guided by this alloying concept, 1D-3D (Sb2Se3)x(AgSbSe2)1-x alloy films with tunable doping densities are obtained. As a consequence, a noticeable improvement in VOC by >18% is observed in solar cells based on (Sb2Se3)x(AgSbSe2)1-x alloy absorber layer, as compared to the reference cell with a pure Sb2Se3 absorber, leading to a high conversion efficiency of 7.8%. This alloying model provides a universal approach to control the photoelectrical properties for high-efficiency Sb2Se3-based solar cells.
关键词： thin film solar cells,light absorber,voltage deficit,antimony selenide,1D/3D alloying
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Growth of BaSi <sub/>2</sub> film on Ge(100) by vacuum evaporation and its photoresponse properties
摘要： We have successfully grown a polycrystalline orthorhombic BaSi2 film on a Ge(100) substrate by an evaporation method. Deposition of an amorphous Si (a-Si) film on the Ge substrate prior to BaSi2 evaporation plays a critical role in obtaining a high-quality BaSi2 film. By controlling substrate temperature and the thickness of the a-Si film, a crack-free and single-phase polycrystalline orthorhombic BaSi2 film with a long carrier lifetime of 1.5 μs was obtained on Ge substrates. The photoresponse property of the ITO/BaSi2/Ge/Al structure was clearly observed, and photoresponsivity was found to increase with increasing substrate temperature during deposition of a-Si. Furthermore, the BaSi2 film grown on Ge showed a higher photoresponsivity than that grown on Si, indicating the potential application of evaporated BaSi2 on Ge to thin-film solar cells.
关键词： photoresponse properties,Ge substrate,thin-film solar cells,BaSi2,vacuum evaporation
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Revealing the Origin of the Beneficial Effect of Cesium in Highly Efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Solar Cells
摘要： The record conversion efficiency of thin-film solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorbers has exceeded 23 %. Such a high performance is currently only attainable by the incorporation of heavy alkali metals like Cs into the absorber through an alkali fluoride post-deposition treatment (PDT). As the effect of the incorporated heavy alkali metals is under discussion, we investigated the local composition and microstructure of high efficiency CIGS solar cells via various high-resolution techniques in a combinatory approach. An accumulation of Cs is clearly detected at the p-n junction along with variations in the local CIGS composition, showing the formation of a beneficial secondary phase with a laterally inhomogeneous distribution. Additionally, Cs accumulations were detected at grain boundaries with a random misorientation of the adjacent grains where a reduced Cu concentration and increased In and Se concentrations are detected. No accumulation was found at Σ3 twin boundaries as well as the grain interior. These experimental findings are in excellent agreement with complementary ab-initio calculations, demonstrating that the grain boundaries are passivated by the presence of Cs. Further, it is unlikely that Cs with its large ionic radius is incorporated into the CIGS grains where it would cause detrimental defects.
关键词： nano-XRF,CIGS,DFT,thin-film solar cells,Cs,post-deposition treatment
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Hybrid chemical bath deposition-CdS/sputter-Zn(O,S) alternative buffer for Cu <sub/>2</sub> ZnSn(S,Se) <sub/>4</sub> based solar cells
摘要： To replace the conventionally used CdS buffers in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) based thin-film solar cells, sputtered Zn(O,S) buffer layers have been investigated. Zn(O,S) layers with three different [O]/([O] + [S]) ratios (0.4, 0.7, and 0.8)—and a combination of Zn(O,S) and CdS (“hybrid buffer layer”) were studied. In comparison to the CdS reference, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the Zn(O,S)-buffered devices increases in the short- and long-wavelength regions of the spectrum. However, the average EQE ranges below that of the CdS reference, and the devices show a low open-circuit voltage (VOC). By adding a very thin CdS layer (5 nm) between the absorber and the Zn(O,S) buffer, the VOC loss is completely avoided. Using thicker intermediate CdS layers result in a further device improvement, with VOC values above those of the CdS reference. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements suggest that the thin CdS layer prevents damage to the absorber surface during the sputter deposition of the Zn(O,S) buffer. With the hybrid buffer configuration, a record VOC deficit, i.e., a minimum difference between bandgap energy Eg (divided by the elementary charge q) and VOC (Eg/q – VOC) of 519 mV could be obtained, i.e., the lowest value reported for kesterite solar cells to date. Thus, the hybrid buffer configuration is a promising approach to overcome one of the main bottlenecks of kesterite-based solar cells, while simultaneously also reducing the amount of cadmium needed in the device.
关键词： VOC deficit,Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4,CdS,hybrid buffer layer,open-circuit voltage,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,thin-film solar cells,Zn(O,S) buffer layers,external quantum efficiency
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Investigation of physical properties of F-and-Ga co-doped ZnO thin films grown by RF magnetron sputtering for perovskite solar cells applications
摘要： F-and-Ga co-doped ZnO films were sputter-deposited on glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering method. The fabricated films were characterized by different techniques. It was found that all the films were poly-crystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a c-axis preferred orientation of growth. The effect of the substrate temperature on the surface morphology, electrical and optical properties of the films was also investigated. The optimal growth temperature was found to be 440 oC which led to the optimal film with the resistivity of 6.81 × 10?4 Ωcm, carrier concentration of 2.61 × 1020 cm?3, mobility of 35.1 cm2/V, over-90% transmittance in the region of 400–1200 nm and a wide optical bandgap of 3.49 eV. This optimal film was employed in as the front contact in perovskite solar cells and resulted in a high power-conversion efficiency of 15.32%. This indicates that such a film can be promisingly useful for high-performance thin-film solar cells.
关键词： High mobility,Thin-film solar cells,F-and-Ga co-doped ZnO films,Magnetron sputtering
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Rational design of highly efficient flexible and transparent p-type composite electrode based on single-walled carbon nanotubes
摘要： Transparent electrodes are of great importance in electronics and energy technologies. At present, transparent conductive oxides are mainly n-type conductors dominating the market and have restricted the technological advancements. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have recently emerged as promising p-type transparent conductor owing to their superior hole mobility, conductivity, transparency, flexibility and possibility to tune the work function. Here, we develop a novel rational design of p-type flexible transparent conductive film (TCF) based on SWCNTs combined with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), molybdenum oxide and SWCNT fibers. In a configuration of SWCNTs-MoO3-PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT fibers, we achieved a record equivalent sheet resistance of 17 ?/sq with a transmittance of 90% at 550 nm and a high degree of flexibility. We demonstrate that our solar cells developed on the basis of the proposed electrode and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) yield an outstanding short-circuit current density of Jsc = 15.03 mA/cm2 and a record power conversion efficiency of PCE = 8.8% for SWCNTs/a-Si:H hybrid solar cells. We anticipate that this novel rationally designed p-type TCF opens a new avenue in widespread energy technologies, where high hole conductivity and transparency of the material are prerequisites for their successful implementation.
关键词： Transparent p-type electrode,flexible,composite,single-walled carbon nanotubes,hybrid thin film solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Spark plasma sintering of Sb2Se3 sputtering target towards highly efficient thin film solar cells
摘要： Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) is a potential absorber material for environment-friendly and cost-efficiently photovoltaics due to its material advantages and superior optoelectronic properties. In this work, we proposed a facile and versatile method of ball milling followed with spark plasma sintering (SPS) to prepare high-quality Sb2Se3 sputtering target. Then the highly crystalline Sb2Se3 thin film consisted of large crystal grains can be prepared by using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering with an additional post-selenization heat treatment. An efficient substrate structured Sb2Se3 thin film solar cell with configuration of Mo/Sb2Se3/CdS/ITO/Ag was fabricated and a champion device with highly interesting power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.08% has been achieved. Superior device performances are closely related to the Sb2Se3 absorber layer with benign growth orientation and the Sb2Se3/CdS heterojunction interface with smooth contact, which induced less recombination loss. The combined features of homemade sputtering target and advantageous thin film preparation technology further demonstrated its attractive application potential in thin film photovoltaic scenarios.
关键词： Sb2Se3,Post-selenization,Sputtering target,Magnetron sputtering,Spark plasma sintering,Thin film solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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WS2: A New Window Layer Material for Solar Cell Application
摘要： Radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering was used to deposit tungsten disulfide (WS2) thin films on top of soda lime glass substrates. The deposition power of RF magnetron sputtering varied at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 W to investigate the impact on film characteristics and determine the optimized conditions for suitable application in thin-film solar cells. Morphological, structural, and opto-electronic properties of as-grown films were investigated and analyzed for different deposition powers. All the WS2 films exhibited granular morphology and consisted of a rhombohedral phase with a strong preferential orientation toward the (101) crystal plane. Polycrystalline ultra-thin WS2 films with bandgap of 2.2 eV, carrier concentration of 1.01 × 1019 cm?3, and resistivity of 0.135 Ω-cm were successfully achieved at RF deposition power of 200 W. The optimized WS2 thin film was successfully incorporated as a window layer for the first time in CdTe/WS2 solar cell. Initial investigations revealed that the newly incorporated WS2 window layer in CdTe solar cell demonstrated photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 1.2% with Voc of 379 mV, Jsc of 11.5 mA/cm2, and FF of 27.1%. This study paves the way for WS2 thin film as a potential window layer to be used in thin-film solar cells.
关键词： WS2,window layer,thin-film solar cells,CdTe,RF magnetron sputtering
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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A review of Sb2Se3 photovoltaic absorber materials and thin-film solar cells
摘要： Energy generated from environmentally friendly, cost-effective solar cells is a key aspect for developing a clean renewable-energy economy. Non-toxic and Earth-abundant materials with high absorption coefficient (> 105 cm?1) and optimal bandgap (1–1.5 eV) have received great attention as photovoltaic (PV) absorber layers during the last few decades. Among them, antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) has been a promising PV absorber, with steadily increasing power-conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to other emerging compounds. Very recent studies showed that high-quality ZnO:Al/ZnO/CdS/TiO2/Sb2Se3/MoSe2/Mo devices with PCE of 9.2% can be fabricated using cost-effective novel compounds. Considering these recent advances, this article provides an overview of the material properties of Sb2Se3 thin films and the recent progress made with Sb2Se3-based solar cells. Analysis of Sb2Se3-based thin-film solar cells has also shown that the devices have relatively good light management due to their suitable bandgap and high absorption coefficient, whereas carrier management, i.e. collection efficiency of photo-generated carriers, needs significant improvement. Overall, this study provides background knowledge on material properties and device performance and suggests main research directions to overcome the limiting factors of solar cell performance.
关键词： Sb2Se3,Open-circuit voltage deficit,Photovoltaics,Thin-film solar cells,Carrier management
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59