1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The assay exploits the properties of PicoGreen and GNPs. PicoGreen forms a highly luminescent complex upon binding dsDNA compared to binding ssDNA. ssDNA and dsDNA with a sticky end can adsorb onto the surfaces of GNPs at a particular ionic strength, enabling energy transfer to occur from the DNA to the GNPs and effectively quenching the fluorescence intensity. However, the fully complementary dsDNA is released from the GNPs because it does not bind at the same ionic strength, and the PicoGreen fluorescence is observed.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

The inputs are ATP and DNA-M' ssDNA, and the output is the fluorescence signal from PicoGreen.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

PicoGreen dye, GNPs, oligonucleotides, buffer solution.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The presence of ATP and DNA-M' triggers the structural conversion of the probe from DNA-T + DNA-M dsDNA to DNA-M + DNA-M' dsDNA and induces a change in the PicoGreen fluorescence intensity.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The fluorescence spectra were acquired with an excitation wavelength of 480 nm and a detection range from 495 to 700 nm.