摘要： Day by day, global energy demands increase due to the rapid consumption of depleting fossil fuels and environmental pollution. This has led to the search for materials capable of both energy conversion and elimination of environmental pollutants through the aid of renewable solar energy. This is a promising approach for meeting future energy requirements and eliminating environmental pollutants. In this pursuit, semiconductor photocatalysts have immense potential for solving both energy and environmental issues. To date, numerous semiconductor materials have been explored, including those of metal oxides, chalcogenides, borates, titanates, tungstates, vanadates, zirconates, oxyhalides, and metal-based interstitial compounds. However, the majority of these suffer from limitations such as complex synthesis procedures, limited light absorption range due to their wide band gap, high cost, and toxicity-related issues. Over the past decade, carbon-based nanomaterials have gained attention in the field of photocatalysis. Many recent articles have placed emphasis upon metal-free carbon-based photocatalytic systems for degradation of organic pollutants and hydrogen production from water splitting. The prime merit of these nanomaterials is that they originate from naturally abundant constituent elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, making them more economical than their metal-based counterparts. Most reported carbon-based photocatalysts have tunable band gap energies, enhancing their optical absorption range. Band gap energy can be tuned by varying synthesis conditions and precursors, resulting in the formation of nanomaterials with different morphologies. The preparation procedures for most carbon-based nanomaterials are less complex than those of metal-based materials.